Comparison of Orestes Brownson and Eugene Debs Socialistic Ideas

Radiation Protection Personal Protective Equipment Presentation: The task, comprise of three sections including this presentation, which makes reference to how the task will come to fruition. Thoughts and ideas taken from somewhere else for the arrangement of this archive will be refered to suitably inside the work. The report which will be given to staff will deliver the issues relating to the proper utilization of individual defensive equipment(PPE), enactments related with their utilization, the standards of material science behind their utilization. The report will quickly dive in to issues relating to radiation risks and assurance, enactments applicable to radiation work in United Kingdom and utilization of individual defensive hardware. Standards of material science behind radiation insurance techniques will be tended to in the report. Normally utilized PPE in radiographic divisions will be clarified with their suitable use alongside faculty dosimetry. Nearby principles helping radiation security and characterizing PPE use will be additionally tended to in the report. Radiation assurance techniques and suitable utilization of PPE will be given in an even configuration clarifying where, when and why these insurance strategies and PPE ought to be utilized for those circumstances. The third area of this work will incorporate an end which will incorporate the thinking behind the piece of the archive. It will likewise quickly address other significant radiation insurance issues and techniques which are not tended to in the records and the thinking behind it. It will show how the task brief has been tended to by the archive. The end portion of this task will likewise accentuate with regards to why comprehension of the work delivered is significant. The principle factors helping the planning and choices made for the arrangement of the record will likewise be remembered for the end. Toward the finish of the work all references utilized in the arrangement of this work will be spread out in the Harvard arrangement of referencing. Radiation Protection and the utilization of Personal Protective Equipment. Presentation: Being at the main edge of radiation portion conveyance, a radiographer has a one of a kind expert obligation towards himself as well as other people around him for a decrease in the dangers brought about by ionizing radiation (Manning, 2004). Numerous radiation related fatalities and wounds endured by radiation pioneers and logical investigations of the 1950s, which embroiled low level dosages to stochastic impacts in radiation laborers and patients prompted the radiation security guidelines of today (Bushong, 2003). Radiation perils At the point when people are illuminated, nuclear collaborations brings about ionization, this can prompt compound and organic changes which are harming to the phones and chromosomes. This radiation instigated changes can prompt two particular sorts of wounds at cell level. Deterministic impacts: Above a specific limit portion, impacts appear and the seriousness of the impacts increment with portion Stochastic impacts: Probability of event of impacts increments with increment in portion. The impacts incorporate malignant growth acceptance and inherited impacts in people in the future (Martin and Harbison, 2006). These late stochastic impacts, has prompted the radiation assurance guidelines of today (Bushong 2003). What is Radiation insurance and for what reason do it Considering the perils that could be brought about by radiation, assurance from superfluous radiation increases central significance. All radiation laborers and patients ought to be ensured against these perils by different strategies and hardware, this procedure is called radiation security. An arrangement of straight non edge (LNT) model for radiation security is applied to all radiation rehearses (Martin 2004). There is likewise expanding sentiment for radiation hormesis(Carver 2006), yet since there is no supreme proof to propose a lower edge beneath which no harm happens the LNT model as required by current enactments is viewed as suitable to gauge dangers at low doses(Matthews and Brennan 2008) The patient should possibly be uncovered if the clinical proof proposes that the patient is probably going to profit by the methodology. The law requires the dosages to be kept to as low as sensibly practicable (ALARP), so the prerequisite of radiation assurance is spread out by different enactments (Graham et al.,2007). The guidelines applicable to radiographic work and the utilization of PPE in United Kingdom (UK) Ionizing Radiations Regulations 1999(IRR 1999) Ionizing Radiations (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 (IR(ME)R) The board of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Detailing of Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995(RIDDOR 1995) Individual Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) (Messer, 2009) The proposals of The International Commission for Radiation Protection(ICRP), that radiation presentation to radiation laborers and the patient ought to be As Low As Reasonably Achievable(ALARA) is by and large accepted(Engel-Hills,2006), The suggestions of ICRP and the European union(EU) euratom mandates have all significantly affected British law (Whitley et al., 2005) Standards of Radiation Protection IR(ME)R requires every single clinical introduction in analytic radiology to apply the radiation security standards of support, improvement and portion impediment. (Establishment of Physics and Engineering in Medicine(IPEM), 2002). These standards guarantee tolerant portion is kept to the ALARP rule. The cardinal standards of radiation insurance will be additionally talked about. Limiting Time: As the portion is legitimately relative to length of introduction, limiting the hour of presentation brings about decreased portion. Limiting the time spent close to a radiation source likewise lessens introduction. This assurance strategy discovers its utilization in fluoroscopy. Different techniques utilized in fluoroscopy, utilizing this insurance strategy to diminish presentation is beat dynamic fluoroscopy and the ordinary span reset clocks (Bushong, 2001). Amplifying Distance: The least expensive type of radiation insurance is managed by the opposite square law, which expresses that the radiation power differs to the backwards of the square of the separation (Farr and Allisy-Roberts 1997). This law remains constant for the essential shaft which is viewed as a point wellspring of radiation. While utilizing portable x-beam units a radiographer can profit this guideline of material science to get greatest assurance by remaining as distant from the source as conceivable with the guide of the long link which ought to be at any rate 2metre from the x-beam tube during presentation (Bushong 2001). Dowd (1991) believes separation to be the least complex and best of radiation assurance measures. Amplifying Shielding: Maximizing protecting between the radiation source and uncovered staff lessens radiation presentation extensively. The viability of the protecting material is evaluated as far as its half-esteem layer(HVL), which is the measure of material expected to diminish radiation introduction in to half, and tenth-esteem layers(TVLs); which is the measure of material expected to decrease presentation to one tenth of its unique sum. The favored material for protecting is lead (Pb). The material science behind the use of lead for security is its high nuclear number (82). This high nuclear number guarantees that a greater part of disperse photons gets retained because of its high weakening. PPE utilized in radiography divisions: Lead Aprons: They are produced using powdered lead consolidated in a folio of elastic or vinyl. They come in different lead equivalencies. Whenever utilized as an auxiliary obstruction to retain dissipated radiation a cover with lead equivalency of in any event 0.25mm ought to be utilized. Lead covers will be in any event 0.5mm of lead equal for fluoroscopy yet can be higher to the scope of 1mm of lead comparability. The drawback of more noteworthy lead comparable covers is the more prominent weight. Presently producers make covers with composite materials-a blend of lead, barium and tungsten. They have decreased weight and give better weakening of radiation. Lead Gloves: They give in any event 0.25mm or a greater amount of lead proportional security. Utilized for the most part in fluoroscopy or by individuals holding patients during assessment. Thyroid Shields: Mainly for use while performing fluoroscopy, these offers insurance to thyroid. Versatile Shields: These could be moved around and are here and there utilized in angiography. Defensive Eyewear: Protective glasses are utilized predominantly in fluoroscopy to ensure against the cataractogenic impact of radiation(Dowd and Tilson 1999). The idea utilized for radiation-assurance rehearses is the compelling dose(E). Successful portion thinks about the relative radio affectability of different tissues and organs. Powerful Dose(E) =Radiation weighting factor(Wr) x Tissue weighting factor(Wt) x Absorbed portion (Bushong, 2001) Faculty Dosimetry: All characterized radiation laborers are routinely checked for radiation exposures utilizing work force screens. Despite the fact that they don't give any radiation assurance all alone, they offer the amount of radiation to which the individual utilizing the screen was uncovered. The generally utilized dosimeters in analytic radiology are film identifications, Thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLD) and the pocket dosimeter (Thompson et al.,1994). Nearby Rules which will incorporate working strategies and conventions for the office ought to be constantly followed for the fitting utilization of PPE Defensive Methods/PPE usedng 2001,Bushong 2003) End: Composing a task about the proper utilization of PPE for radiation assurance, the need to feature radiation risks was viewed as significant thus the task began with a short standpoint of radiation dangers and along these lines radiation security idea was talked about with accentuation on why staff and patients must be ensured. The LNT portion reaction model for radiation insurance and new idea preferring lower dosages such a

Virtue - Plato Essay Example for Free

Ethicalness Plato Essay Also, other people who are quiet evaluators. The scene is laid in the place of Cephalus at the Piraeus; and the entire discourse is described by Socrates the day after it really occurred to Timaeus Hermocrates, Critias, and an anonymous individual, who are presented in the Timaeus. I WENT down yesterday to the Piraeus with Glaucon, the child of Ariston, that I may present my petitions to the goddess; and furthermore on the grounds that I needed to find in what man-ner they would praise the celebration, which was another thing. I was pleased with the parade of the occupants; however that of the Thracians was similarly, if not progressively, wonderful. At the point when we had completed our petitions and seen the display, we turned toward the city; and right then and there Polemarchus, the child of Cephalus, risked to notice us from a separation as we were beginning our direction home, and advised his worker to run and offer us hang tight for him. The hireling grabbed hold of me by the shroud behind, and stated, Polemarchus wants you to pause. I turned round, and asked him where his lord was. There he is, said the adolescent, coming after you, on the off chance that you will just pause. Positively we will, said Glaucon; and in almost no time Polemarchus showed up, and with him Adeimantus, Glaucons sibling, Niceratus, the child of Nicias, and a few other people who had been at the parade. Polemarchus said to me, I see, Socrates, that you and your partner are as of now on your way to the city. You are not far wrong, I said. However, do you see, he rejoined, what number of we are? Obviously. What's more, would you say you are more grounded than all these? for if not, you should remain where you are. May there not be the other option, I stated, that we may per-suade you to release us? Be that as it may, would you be able to convince us, on the off chance that we won't hear you out? he said. Unquestionably not, answered Glaucon. At that point we won't tune in; of that you might be guaranteed. Adeimantus included: Has nobody let you know of the light race riding a horse out of appreciation for the goddess which will happen at night? With ponies! I answered. That is an oddity. Will horsemen convey lights and pass them to each other during the race? Indeed, said Polemarchus; and along these lines, however a celebration will be commended around evening time, which you positively should see. Let us rise not long after dinner and see this celebration; there will be a social occasion of youngsters, and we will have a decent talk. Remain at that point, and don't be unreasonable. Glaucon stated, I assume, since you demand, that we should. Excellent, I answered. Likewise we went with Polemarchus to his home; and there we discovered his siblings Lysias and Euthydemus, and with them Thrasymachus the Chalcedonian, Charmantides the Paeanian, and Cleitophon, the child of Aristonymus. There too was Cephalus, the dad of Polemarchus, whom I had not seen for quite a while, and I thought him particularly matured. He was situated on a padded seat, and had a wreath on his head, for he had been relinquishing in the court; and there were some different seats in the room organized in a crescent, whereupon we plunked somewhere near him. He saluted me energetically, and afterward he stated: You dont come to see me, Socrates, as frequently as you should: If I were as yet ready to take a brief trip and see you I would not request that you come to me. Be that as it may, at my age I can scarcely get to the city, and along these lines you should come oftener to the Piraeus. For, let me disclose to you that the more the delights of the body blur away, the more prominent to me are the joy and appeal of discussion. Don't, at that point, deny my solicitation, however make our home your re-sort and keep organization with these youngsters; we are old companions, and you will be comfortable with us. I answered: There is nothing which as far as it matters for me I like better, Cephalus, than speaking with matured men; for I see them as explorers who have gone an excursion which I also may need to go, and of whom I should ask whether the way is smooth and simple or rough and troublesome. What's more, this is an inquiry which I should jump at the chance to pose of you, who have shown up around then which the writers call the limit of mature age: Is life harder close to the end, or what report do you give of it? I will let you know, Socrates, he stated, what my own inclination is. Men of my age run together; we are fowls of a plume, as the old axiom says; and at our gatherings the story of my colleague ordinarily is: I can't eat, I can't drink; the joys of youth and love are fled away; there was a decent time once, however now that is gone, and life is no longer life. Some grumble of the insults which are put upon them by relations, and they will let you know unfortunately of what number of shades of malice their mature age is the reason. In any case, to me, Socrates, these whiners appear to accuse what isn't generally in flaw. For if mature age were the reason, I as well, being old, and each other elderly person would have felt as they do. In any case, this isn't my own experi-ence, nor that of others whom I have known. How well I recall the matured writer Sophocles, when in answer to the inquiry, How does cherish suit with age, Sophocles †would you say you are as yet the man you were? Harmony, he answered; most happily have I gotten away from the thing of which you speak; I feel as though I had gotten away from a frantic and incensed ace. His words have regularly happened to my brain since, and they appear as great to me now as when he articulated them. For positively mature age has an extraordinary feeling of quiet and opportunity; when the pas-sions loosen up their hold, at that point, as Sophocles says, we are liberated from the grip not of one distraught ace in particular, however of many. Actually, Socrates, that these second thoughts, and furthermore the protests about relations, are to be credited to a similar reason, which isn't mature age, however mens characters and tempers; for he who is of a quiet and glad nature will barely feel the weight old enough, yet to him who is of a contrary attitude youth and age are similarly a weight. I tuned in profound respect, and needing to coax him out, that he may go on †Yes, Cephalus, I said; however I rather speculate that individuals as a rule are not persuaded by you when you talk in this manner; they feel that mature age sits softly upon you, not as a result of your glad mien, but since you are rich, and riches is notable to be an incredible sofa-bed. You are correct, he answered; they are not persuaded: and there is something in what they state; not, be that as it may, to such an extent as they envision. I may answer them as Themistocles addressed the Seriphian who was mishandling him and saying that he was acclaimed, not for his own benefits but since he was an Athenian: If you had been a local of my nation or I of yours, neither of us would have been well known. What's more, to the individuals who are not rich and are fretful of mature age, a similar answer might be made; for to the great poor man mature age can-not be a light weight, nor can a terrible rich man ever have tranquility with himself. May I ask, Cephalus, regardless of whether your fortune was generally acquired or obtained by you? Procured! Socrates; would you like to realize the amount I obtained? In the craft of bringing in cash I have been halfway between my dad and granddad: for my granddad, whose name I bear, multiplied and trebled the estimation of his patrimony, that which he acquired being a lot of what I have now; however my dad, Lysanias, decreased the property underneath what it is at present; and I will be fulfilled on the off chance that I leave to these my children not less, yet somewhat more, than I got. That was the reason I asked you the inquiry, I answered, in light of the fact that I see that you are unconcerned about cash, which is a trademark preferably of the individuals who have acquired their fortunes over of the individuals who have gained them; the producers of fortunes have a second love of cash as their very own formation, taking after the fondness of creators for their own sonnets, or of guardians for their kids, other than that regular love of it for use and benefit which is basic to them and all men. What's more, consequently they are exceptionally terrible organization, for they can discuss only the gestures of recognition of riches. That is valid, he said. Indeed, that is valid, however may I pose another inquiry? †What do you consider to be the best gift which you have procured from your riches? One, he stated, of which I was unable to expect effectively to persuade others. For let me let you know, Socrates, that when a man believes himself to be close to death, fears and cares go into his psyche which he never had; the stories of a world underneath and the discipline which is claimed there of deeds done here were at one time a snickering matter to him, however now he is tormented with the idea that they might be valid: either from the shortcoming old enough, or on the grounds that he is currently moving closer to that other spot, he has a more clear perspective on these things; doubts and cautions swarm thickly upon him, and he starts to reflect and consider what wrongs he has done to other people. What's more, when he finds that the entirety of his offenses is incredible he will numerous a period like a youngster fire up in his rest for dread, and he is loaded up with dull premonitions. Be that as it may, to him who is aware of no wrongdoing, sweet expectation, as Pindar charmingly says, is the benevolent medical caretaker of his age: Hope, he says, values the spirit of him who lives in equity and heavenliness, and is the attendant of his age and the friend of his excursion †trust which is mightiest to influence the eager soul of man. How excellent are his words! What's more, the extraordinary gift of wealth, I don't state to each man, yet to a decent man, is, that he has had no event to bamboozle or to swindle others, either purposefully or accidentally; and when he leaves to the world beneath he isn't in any dread about contributions because of the divine beings or obligations which he owes to men. Presently to this genuine feelings of serenity the ownership of riches extraordinarily contributes; and there-fore I state, that, setting one thing against another, of the numerous points of interest which riches needs to give, to a man of sense this is as I would see it the best. Very much stated, Cephalus, I answered; however as concerning equity, what's going on here? †to talk reality and to pay your debtsno more than this? Furthermore, even to this are there not special cases? Sup-represent that a companion when in his correct psyche h

How to Take Lamictal If You Have Bipolar Disorder

How to Take Lamictal If You Have Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print How to Take Lamictal If You Have Bipolar Disorder Starting Treatment Correctly to Avoid Severe Rash By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 08, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Parhamr / Wikimedia Commons In This Article Table of Contents Expand Indications Formulations Lamictal in Pregnancy Common Side Effects Starting Treatment Drug Interactions Black Box Warning View All Lamictal (lamotrigine) is used as a mood stabilizer for people with bipolar disorder and as an anticonvulsant for people with epilepsy.?? When used to treat bipolar disorder, the drug helps reduce the cycling of moods characterized by bouts of depression alternating with bouts of mania. Starting treatment with Lamictal can be confusing since there are not only different formulations but different dosing instructions based on what other drugs you may be taking. While your doctor is always the best person to answer treatment-related questions, it does help to have a basic understanding of how Lamictal is prescribed and taken. Indications for Use When used for bipolar disorder, Lamictal is prescribed as a maintenance drug to control mood swings after acute symptoms have been treated and are in remission.?? It is prescribed specifically to treat bipolar I disorder (the more severe form of the disease) and only used in people 18 and over.?? Formulations Lamictal is offered in a tablet form and available in a number of different formulations and strengths:?? Lamictal tablets, available in 25-, 100-, 150-, and 200-milligram (mg) strengthsLamictal ODT (orally disintegrating tablet), available in 25-, 50-, 100-, and 200-mg strengthsLamictal CD (chewable dispersible) tablets, available in 2-, 5-, and 25-mg strengthsLamictal XR (extended release) tablets, available in 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, 250-, and 300-mg strengths Lamictal XR is only used for the treatment of epilepsy, not bipolar disorder. Similarly, Lamictal CD is meant for children with epilepsy who can take the drug from the age of two. What the Therapeutic Drug Level of Your Bipolar Medication Means Lamictal in Pregnancy In terms of safety, Lamictal is classified as a class C drug, meaning that animals studies have demonstrated a risk of birth defects but studies in humans are lacking.?? As such, you need to work your doctor to weigh the benefits and consequences of taking Lamictal if youre pregnant or breastfeeding. Your Lamictal dose may need to be adjusted if you become pregnant. During pregnancy, blood serum concentrations of Lamictal can decrease by up to 30%. Common Side Effects Lamictal can cause side effects, many of which are transient and will resolve once your body adapts to the medication. The most common side effects (affecting at least five percent of users) are:?? Dizziness (affecting 38 percent of users)Headaches (29 percent)Double vision (28 percent)Unsteadiness (22 percent)Nausea (19 percent)Blurred vision (16 percent)Drowsiness (14 percent)Nasal drip and sneezing (14 percent)Rash (10 percent)Sore throat (10 percent)Vomiting (9 percent)Cough (8 percent)Flu-like symptoms (7 percent)Menstrual cramps (7 percent)Diarrhea (6 percent)Fever (6 percent)Insomnia (6 percent)Loss of coordination (6 percent)Abdominal pain (5 percent)Indigestion (5 percent) Lamictal tablets can be taken with or without water or food, but if you have side effects like nausea, taking your medication with a small snack may help. Starting Treatment To avoid the risk of a hypersensitivity reaction, Lamictal is usually  started at a lower dose and gradually increased over a period of six to seven weeks.?? To this end, starter kits are available for both Lamictal and Lamictal ODT which provide instructions on how and when to increase dosages. The instructions vary based on whether you are taking Lamictal alone or with other drugs.?? The starter kit is recommended whether you are starting Lamictal for the first time or restarting therapy. Guideline for Starting Lamictal If taking Lamictal with sodium valproate If taking Lamictal alone (monotherapy) If taking Lamictal with Tegretol Weeks 1 and 2 25 mg every other day 25 mg daily 50 mg daily Weeks 3 and 4 25 mg daily 50 mg daily 100 mg daily (in divided doses) Week 5 50 mg daily 100 mg daily 200 mg daily (in divided doses) Week 6 100 mg daily 200 mg daily 300 mg daily (in divided doses) Week 7 100 mg daily 200 mg daily Up to 400 mg daily (in divided doses) The two drugs commonly prescribed with Lamictal to treat bipolar disorder are sodium valproate (marketed under the brand names Depakote, Depakene, and others) and Tegretol (carbamazepine).?? Drug Interactions Oral contraceptives containing estrogen may affect the concentration of Lamictal in your blood and require a dose adjustment.?? Always advise your doctor if you are taking (or have stopped taking) an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive. Because of Lamictals effects on the central nervous system, you will need to be careful about drinking alcohol or taking medications such as  muscle relaxants, antihistamines, cold medications, or sedatives as Lamictal may amplify their psychoactive side effects.?? The bottom line is to always advise your doctor about any prescription or non-prescription drugs (including recreational drugs) you may be taking without exception. Black Box Warning In around one of every 1,000 people taking Lamictal, a potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity drug rash may develop.?? It most commonly occurs in adults who are taking the drug on its own for the first time. The rash can be extremely serious and lead to conditions known as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN), both of which  require emergency medical treatment. Most hypersensitivity reactions occur two to eight weeks after starting treatment, although some cases have been known to develop six months later. As such, the appearance of any rash should be taken seriously and seen s a matter of urgency. After stopping Lamictal, pain medications, topical steroids, and other drugs may be  needed to treat the hypersensitivity rash. Severe cases require hospitalizations. Once a hypersensitivity reaction has occurred, no matter how mild, Lamictal treatment should never be restarted. What a Black Box Warning on Your Medication Means

Cost-Benefit Analysis and Project Budget - 995 Words

Cost-Benefit Analysis and Project Budget We are creating a Smartphone application for use as a travel aid for the public and the profit will be donated to the partnership for children charity. The total budget allocated for this project is  £20,000. We have  £10,000 from our own funds and we will be using this fund for the promotion of the app with  £10,000. The council has also provided us with  £10,000 subsidy. We have used our funds on Feasibility, User Requirement and Analysis, Design, Coding, Testing and Operation. This is very useful as it is a one-off cost, and we will not be spending on this again but it will benefit us in the long run. The total population in the Kingston upon Thames Borough is 160,400 according to the Office†¦show more content†¦Design involves translating the identified requirements into a logical structure and consists of defining the hardware and software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data to satisfy specified requirements It involves defining the hardware and software architecture, specifying performance and security parameters, designing data storage containers and constraints, choosing the IDE and programming language, and indicating strategies to deal with issues such as exception handling, resource management and interface connectivity. System design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements. The system design specification is a starting point for the next phase of the model. Implementation consists of constructing the product according to the design specification. It involves converting the new system design into operation. 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Cognitive Psychology False Memory Essay - 2269 Words

Running head: False Memory Theoretical and Applied/Practical Perspective of False Memory The human memory is subject to a multitude of errors, including source misattributions, distortion and creation of false memories. In order to do justice to this paper one must first determine what is â€Å"False memory†? False memory is memory for an event that did not occur or distorted memory of actual events (Gleaves, Smith, Butler, Spiegel, 2004). This type of memory has been an area of intense research interest for both theoretical and practical reasons and psychologists have long been interested in memory illusions and distortions, as such errors can inform theories of how the memory works (Hunt Ellis, 2004). From a†¦show more content†¦When this phenomenon occurs an individual may confuse the gist trace strength with the psychological experience of recollecting, which is normally mediated by retrieving verbatim traces of studied items. As lure items tend to match very strong gist traces in memo ry individuals believe they can recollect DRM lures. According to Arndt, (2010), â€Å"this theory proposes that although these errors are often phenomenologically similar to items that were episodically experienced, lures’ recollection phenomenology is representationally distinct from that of study items† (p.67). There is evidence however that false memory can be based largely on automatic processing and is amenable to only limited conscious control. For example, Dodd and MacLeod (2004), showed that mere exposure to DRM lists was sufficient to create a false memory: They presented DRM lists as coloured words in a Stroop test. Naming colours reduced accurate memory for list words as compared to reading coloured words, but false memory remained high for critical words. Furthermore, the elimination of false memory is difficult in that certain â€Å"encoding manipulations may lead to reductions in false memories through metamemorial processes occurring at retrieval† (Gallo, McDermott, Percer Roediger III, 2001, p.339). For example slowing presentation rate decreases the probability of falseShow MoreRelatedCognitive Psychology; Critical Report on Abducted by Ufo: Prevalence Information Affects Young Childrens False Memories for an Implausible Event1443 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment 1: Critical Review 1. Otgaar and colleagues looked at whether Prevalence information changes memory in any form when focusing on implausible events. The aim of the investigation was to see if children between the ages of 7-8 and 11-12 could create false memories when asked to recall an implausible or plausible event. 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Benefits and Concerns of Surveillance Free Essays

Many of us go about our day with little thought we are being watched. We take our privacy for granted. In some instances where we go or what we do is recorded by CCTV cameras. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits and Concerns of Surveillance or any similar topic only for you Order Now These little cameras housed in a black round domes seem to be everywhere hanging over our heads. Are they invading our privacy? Are they there to protect us? There is always a debate discussing the benefits and concerns of surveillance. What is surveillance? Surveillance is a French word meaning â€Å"watching over†. It is also the monitoring of activities and behaviours of people usually individuals or groups from a distance. It is used by government agencies and law enforcement to maintain social control and prevent criminal activity. Surveillance come in other forms than a CCTV camera. There is computer surveillance, Telephone surveillance, Biometric surveillance, aerial surveillance and more. With the increasing speed of computers and the internet it is not only the government and private corporations watching us it is also ourselves. Our culture has changed dramatically over the past two decades. It used to be personal hand held video cameras that recorded those family milestones such as a baby’s first step or a birthday. Now the personal video camera has now turned into the instrument to catch the unexpected, but not in our personal life but the public. So not only has surveillance invaded our privacy we have also made it a part of lives to use surveillance on others. There are many benefits and concerns to surveillance. The debate is what are the true benefits and concerns of surveillance in our society? Audio Biometric Surveillance  Audio surveillance has been a major component in surveillance monitoring since wiretapping began on telegraph lines. Audio surveillance became more difficult with the introduction of the telephone, as the rate of information increased dramatically. Audio surveillance has become easier with the advancements in recording ability and computing power. Traditionally telephone calls had to be listened to live and transcribed to paper. Today human agents are not required to monitor calls. The first Speech-to-text machines was introduced in 1952, but was restricted to recognizing spoken numbers. Almost sixty years later software now creates readable text from intercepted audio and is then processed by automated call-analysis programs (Charles Piller, 2002). Audio surveillance provides raw information for investigations and has been successful for many law enforcement agencies. In the united states agencies have million dollar contracts that require phone companies to keep all call records easily searchable and accessible (Singel, 2007). The private sector benefits in audio surveillance by using software programs in cal centers that isolate phrases used frequently. These trends can be used by analysts to identify potential problems so actions can be taken. These early identifiers can help reduce call volumes, improve the bottom line, and greatly increase customer satisfaction (Wint). Software based audio surveillance provides a certain amount of privacy. The entirety of an audio recording might be available to listen to, but the huge amount of audio information being produced today means that software has to be used to search for key words. This helps introduce a level of privacy for the public and also gives the general public a higher level of safety. Law enforcement agencies and direct their man power to calls with repeated illegal activity instead of jeopardizing the privacy of the public. With increased power comes increased responsibility. The software searching through audio is controlled by humans, this introduces concern on privacy. Operators could use these systems for their own benefit instead of the greater good of a company or nation. Biometrics is the study of measurable biological characteristics (Random House Dictionary). Biometrics is concerned with the analysis of biological data obtained from video, audio nd even physical data. Face, fingerprint, retina, signature, veins, and voice recognition are all examples of biometric identification schemes (Random House Dictionary). Biometrics really helps to enhance current surveillance technologies. It allows for the automated identification of individuals. Automated identification is the major benefit and also the biggest concern. Currently biometrics is used to track and quickly identify targets and it’s argued that they are completely useless without a well constructed threat mode to track. (Biometrics: Who’s Watching You? 2003) The biggest current threat with using biometrics is the assault on individuals to gain secured access with a biometric device (Biometrics: Who’s Watching You? , 2003). For example, in 2005, Malaysian car thieves cut off the finger of a Mercedes-Benz S-Class owner when attempting to steal the car. (Kent, 2005). Video Electronic Surveillance After taking root in the late 19th century video surveillance started as an all analog video surveillance system, also known as closed-circuit television monitoring. The transmission distance was not too far and mainly used for small scale monitoring. Today’s digital equipment has given birth to intelligent analysis technology that is able to provide more substantial results, such as motion detection, face recognition and target tracking with the capability to transmit over great distances in virtually any setting. Likewise the advancement in computer technology has opened opportunity for other means of electronic surveillance. One example is data tracking, sometimes referred to as data logging, which is the ability to capture information such as places of preferred visit, individual purchases, telephone activity, choice of TV programming and internet websites of interest to name a few. Chuck Huff writes â€Å"with technology comes knowledge and with that comes responsibility†. So is today’s surveillance responsible or are we inadvertently stepping the boundaries of acceptable supervision? Yes one could argue the whole point of surveillance is to keep us safer from those in society who could potentially hurt us. Might it be a true statement to consider the fewer cameras there are, the higher chance of crime happening. Unfortunately surveillance cameras are not able to prevent the crimes or stop the criminals. Yes, cameras can make us aware but unfortunately don’t protect us. Consider the privacy impact on both cameras and data logging. The laws that most affect the legality of using these types of surveillance are personal privacy laws that limit the collection, use and disclosure of individuals’ personal information, this law is PIPEDA (personal information protection and electronic documents act). Cameras in public areas like parks tend to make the laws outlined in PIPEDA seem opaque and unclear. If cameras are put in public areas doesn’t that now make it a private area because the whole idea of being watched is added in? This is of course if we accept public areas defined as that which is open to all persons. So if we put more surveillance in a grocery store, does it become a private venue? No, it does not. In the same way, employers using cameras, blackberry surveillance software, listening to live calls, GPS tracking, secretly reading text messages and viewing call logs in the workplace doesn’t mean that it’s an invasion of privacy or illegal; it just means that the use of surveillance in the workplace is subject to restrictions. In the end, just because people don’t like being watched doesn’t mean we sacrifice our inherent rights as a society to have safety, security and stability. Society must also consider the impact of surveillance on individual perception. There is the potential that added surveillance in a neighborhood will cause communities to lose money and possibly raise taxes, which makes the community less popular. Yet cameras and data logging violate the country’s Privacy Act, because it records the actions of thousands of people in public areas / spaces without there being any reasonable grounds that a criminal act is occurring. Society can’t help but ask, when does surveillance inadvertently switch from supervision to â€Å"snoopervision†? Ultimately the use of technology has outpaced Canada’s privacy laws, especially in a post September 11th, 2001 world where security concerns threaten individual rights. Conclusion Surveillance technology compositions such as audio, video too much more complex system such as data tracking and biometrics offer great importance to national security, public safety and overall protection of people from harm. These surveillance systems also neglect individual freedom and right to privacy. Surveillance technology protects society against child molesters, terrorist attacks and destruction. But at the same time these technology is used to neglects individual rights by tracking everyone’s actions which intern harms society because they do not protect people’s privacy. There are benefits and concerns of using surveillance system because different situation compels us to take measures that can protect or neglect society as a whole. How to cite Benefits and Concerns of Surveillance, Essay examples

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